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Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)-specific CD8 + T cells that reside in sensory ganglia, appear to control recurrent herpetic disease by aborting or reducing spontaneous and sporadic reactivations of latent virus. A reliable animal model is the ultimate key factor to test the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines that boost the level and the quality of sensory ganglia-resident...
The receptor-binding domain of tetanus toxin (THc), which mediates the binding of the toxin to the nerve cells, is a candidate subunit vaccine against tetanus. In this study one synthetic gene encoding the THc was constructed and highly expressed in Escherichia coli by co-expression with thioredoxin (Trx). The purified THc-vaccinated mice were completely protected against an active toxin challenge...
Barriers to participation in an HIV vaccine trial have been examined in many HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS). These barriers can be understood in terms of the locus of the barrier (personal vs. social) and the nature of the barrier (risk vs. cost). Another type of barrier is perceived misconceptions. In this systematic review, we categorize barriers, and compare these barriers between the Organization...
Immune sera from volunteers vaccinated in a blinded Phase 3 clinical trial with JE-VAX ® and a new Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine (IC51 or IXIARO), were tested for the ability to protect mice against lethal JEV challenge. Sera from IXIARO vaccinated subjects were pooled into four batches based on neutralizing antibody measured by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT 50...
We defined a population-based cohort (596,755 subjects) in Navarre, Spain, using electronic records from physicians, to evaluate the effectiveness of the monovalent A(H1N1)2009 vaccine in preventing influenza in the 2009–2010 pandemic season. During the 9-week period of vaccine availability and circulation of the A(H1N1)2009 virus, 4608 cases of medically attended influenza-like illness (MA-ILI) were...
In a vaccine trial, assays for vaccine immunogenicity if performed locally will strengthen local site, can save costs and avoid hurdles associated with specimen transport. Here we report the optimization and validation of an Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) assay which was undertaken in preparation for a phase I HIV vaccine trial conducted in Thailand. Intra-, and inter-operator variability were...
Influenza continues to be a very important cause of morbidity, mortality and a large number of hospitalizations each year, however the compliance with vaccine uptake is low and has barely varied over time among health care workers (HCWs) and people under 65 years of age suffering a chronic condition. Based on data from two nation-wide representative health surveys namely the 2006 Spanish National...
A devastating disease spread by mosquitoes with high-efficiency, malaria imposes an enormous burden for which no licensed vaccine currently exists. Although the genome complexity of the parasite has made vaccine development tenuous, an effective malaria vaccine would be a valuable tool for control, elimination and eventual eradication. The Plasmodium serine repeat antigen 5 (SERA5) is an abundant...
Previous studies with the malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS02 A in young children in a malaria endemic area of Mozambique have shown it to have a promising safety profile and to reduce the risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease.In this study, we assessed the antibody responses to the P. falciparum and hepatitis B components of the RTS,S/AS02 A vaccine over a 45months surveillance...
Vaccination reduces transmission of pathogens directly, by preventing individual infections, and indirectly, by reducing the probability of contact between infected individuals and susceptible ones. The potential combined impact of future dengue vaccines can be estimated using mathematical models of transmission. However, there is considerable uncertainty in the structure of models that accurately...
The malarial protein CelTOS, for cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites, from Plasmodium berghei has been shown to mediate malarial invasion of both vertebrate and insect host cells and is required for establishing their successful infections. In the vertebrate host, Plasmodium sporozoites traverse via a complex passage through cellular barriers in the skin and the liver sinusoid to...
Influenza vaccination rates remain lower than Healthy People 2010 goals. The lower rates are prevalent in rural areas despite an expansion of services to nontraditional settings. Little is known about disparities in influenza vaccination rates and location of receipt among rural residents. This study seeks to determine if rural residents differ from urban residents in where they obtain an influenza...
Live, attenuated yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine is highly efficacious but causes rare, serious adverse events resulting from active replication in the host and direct viral injury to vital organs. We recently reported development of a potentially safer β-propiolactone-inactivated whole virion YF vaccine (XRX-001), which was highly immunogenic in mice, hamsters, monkeys, and humans [10,11]. To characterize...
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections often result in pelvic inflammatory disease and sequelae including infertility and ectopic pregnancies. In addition to the already established murine models, the development of other animal models is necessary to study the safety and efficacy of prototype vaccine candidates. The intravaginal infection of guinea pigs with C. trachomatis has been tested in three...
A novel attenuated Streptococcus iniae vaccine was developed from a virulent strain of Streptococcus iniae (ISET0901) through selection for novobiocin resistance (named ISNO). The safety of ISNO was then evaluated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through intraperitoneal (IP) injection. When male tilapia (average weight 10g) were IP injected with 2×10 7 colony-forming units (CFU) of...
HIV-infected children have high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) despite receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This study aimed to determine the immunogenicity and safety of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) in Thai HIV-infected children compared to HIV-exposed uninfected children.A prospective study was conducted among children 2 months to 9 years. The...
To evaluate the potential for long-term or delayed onset health effects, we extended a previous cohort study of disability separation from the army associated with vaccination against anthrax. Analyses included stratified Cox proportional hazards and multiple logistic regression models. Forty-one percent of 1,001,546 soldiers received at least one anthrax vaccination; 5.21% were evaluated for disability...
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